Tugas 5

NAMA              :           BENNY RICKI SITORUS
KELAS              :           3EB02
NPM                :           21212427

CAUSATIVE HAVE and QUESTION TAGS

CAUSATIVE HAVE

Form

have + object + verb 3 past participle - have something done

have + object + infinitive - have someone do something

Meaning

·         We use causative when arranging for someone to do something for us.

Example :

“They had their car repaired.“

“They arranged for someone to repair it.“

“They repaired their car “

“They did it themselves.“

“I had my hair cut yesterday.“

“I went to the hairdresser.“

“I cut my hair yesterday.“

“I cut it myself.“

·         We use causative when someone does something to us.

Example :

“Bill had his money stolen.“

“She had her house painted.”

·         We can use have someone do something to talk about giving instructions or orders (more common in American English).

Example :

“I had my assistant type the report.”

“I'll have my lawyer look into it.”

Additional points

Get is possible instead of have, usually in informal spoken English.

“I'm going to get my car fixed tomorrow.“

“John is going to get his letter posted this afternoon.”

QUESTION TAGS

We use tags in spoken English but not in formal written English.

They are not really questions but are a way of asking the other person to make a comment and so keep the conversation open.

Making a tag is very mechanical. To make a tag, use the first auxiliary. If there is no auxiliary, use do, does or did. With a positive sentence, make a negative tag and with a negative sentence, make a positive tag.

·         Positive sentence

“It's beautiful, isn't it?“

“He has been, hasn't he?“

“You can, can't you?“

“It must be, mustn't it?“

“You know him, don’t you?“

“He finished it, didn't he?“

“He will come, won't he?“

·         Negatif Sentence

“It isn't very good, is it?”

“It hasn't rained, has it?”

“It can't be, can it?”

“Jenny doesn't know James, does she?”

“They didn't leave, did they?”

“He won’t do it, will he?”

Notice these:

“There isn't an ATM here, is there?”

“Let's have a cup of coffee, shall we?”

To reply, use the same auxiliary:

“It's beautiful, isn't it?” ~ “Yes, it is. I think it's fabulous.”

“It isn't very good, is it?” ~ “No, it isn't. In fact, it's terrible.”

The rules are very simple and mechanical, in order to use them easily in conversation, they have to be automatic. So you need to hear and practice them very often.

·         Although the negative word not is not in the sentence, the sentence can be negative. Then we use the positive question tag.

“He never goes out with his dog, does he?”

·         If have is a main verb in the sentence and refers to states, there are two possible sentences – We have a car, _____?

“We have a car, haven't we?” (mostly British English)

“We have a car, don't we?” (mostly American English)

·         Use will/would with imperatives (Simple Present).

“Open the window, will you?”

“Open the window, would you?”

“Don't open your books, will you?”

·         We use won't with a polite request.

“Open the window, won't you?”

·         We use shall after Let's.

“Let's take the next bus, shall we?”

·         Auxiliary must

“We must be at home at 8 pm, mustn't we?”

- “Yes, we must.”

- “No, we needn't.”

Reference :

http://www.eslbase.com/grammar/causative

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/questionstags/menu.php

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/qu_tags.htm

TUGAS 4

NAMA      :               BENNY RICKI SITORUS
NPM         :               21212427
KELAS     :               3EB02

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS AND DETERMINER

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject. We use them in the sense of self or oneself.

Usage

We use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object are the same person.

Example:

He often looks at himself in the mirror and likes talking to himself.

The subject and object here are the same person.

After all, he could have been looking at someone else and could be proud of someone else.

Example:

He often looks at his dad and likes talking to him.

We also use reflexive pronouns when we want to express that someone did something alone (without anyone else’s help).

Example:

Larry is a small boy, but he can already dress himself.

In his room, there is a mirror. Larry has hung it up himself, with a little help from his dad.

In English, unlike other languages, reflexive verbs are not very common. We don’t use reflexive pronouns after feel, concentrate, relax, or meet. Instead, we use regular verbs.

Example:

Larry feels good. (not: Larry feels himself good.)

There are a few verbs which are usually followed by reflexive pronouns. The most improtant ones are listed in the following table :

List of reflexive pronouns

Singular			Plural
1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
myself	yourself	Himself, herself, itself	ourselves	yourselves	themselves

In the singular, the reflexive pronoun is formed with -self, in the plural with -selves.

Example:

I can see myself in the mirror.

We can see ourselves in the mirror.

In the second person, we have to indicate whether we're talking to one person or several people.

Example:

You can be proud of yourself. (one person)

You can be proud of yourselves. (several people)

DETERMINER

The determiner is an important noun modifier which contextualizes a noun, often in terms of quantity and possession. Determiners in English precede a noun phrase and include demonstratives, possessives, and quantifiers.

There are many different determiners in the English language.

·         Articles are among the most common of the determiners. A, an, and the all express the definiteness and specificity of a noun. For example, “the” is a definite article, meaning the person using the word is referring to a specific one. On the other hand, “a” or “an” are indefinite.

·         Demonstratives, such as this, that, these and those, require a frame of reference in which an individual can point out the entities referred to by a speaker or a writer.

·         Quantifiers, such as all, few, and many, point out how much or how little of something is being indicated.

·         When referring to an entity that belongs to another, you can use possessives. My, your, their, and its are a few examples.

·         There are many other types of determiners. For instance, cardinal numbers, the numbers that are written out in English, are also included in the class of determiners. Determiners are generally split into two groups—definite determiners and indefinite determiners.

Function of a Determiners

A determiner can take on a number of different meanings and roles in a sentence. The determiner is used in every case to clarify the noun.

·         They may be used to demonstrate or define something or someone.

Quantifiers state how many of a thing, in number or expression. A determiner is used to show that the noun indicated is a specific one (that one), not an unspecific one (any).

·         They may also state the differences between nouns.

While determiners may have a number of other functions, most of them are related to these two key areas. The list of determiners only numbers about 50 words, and all of these words are commonly used by most individuals. Determiners are not difficult to get the grasp of when contrasted with adjectives, and do not take too long for native English speakers to grasp. After all, how many times have you had trouble deciding whether to say “the” or “a”?

English teaching in schools did not take determiners into account. Many determiners were simply lumped into the category of “adjectives,” which works for some but certainly not for all.

·         Adjectives have primarily three functions: they modify noun phrases, or complement the object or subject of a sentence.

·         The function of a determiner is to express proximity, relationship, quantity, and definiteness.

Determiners are not gradable as are adjectives. For example, a person may be angry, angrier, or the angriest. A person can not be “her-est” or “the-est.”

Determiners are usually necessary (or obligatory) in a sentence, whereas adjectives are not.

Adjectives, unlike determiners, cannot have corresponding pronouns.

Adjectives and determiners are distinct from one another and cannot simply be lumped into the same category.

Example :

"The dog barked at the boy."

"These apples are rotten."

"Their bus was late."

"Have you seen my keys?"

"Have you got any English books I could borrow?"

"There is enough food to feed everyone."

"I don't teach online every day."

Numbers act as determiners too, they show how many things or people there are: 1, 2, 3...

example:

"I teach online for 3 days a week."

Reference :

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/determinertext.html

http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/what/what-is-a-determiner.html

https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/pronouns-determiners